Good Governance aims to contribute to overall development of a country. Since independence, the attainment of good governance has been a far cry. A number of constraints and challenges stand as barriers for establishing good governance. But the political and bureaucratic segments of the society can play an effective role. Governance has become a popular, if not trendy concept in much of the political, development and academic debate. In the second half of the 1980s as the cold war thawing the issue of governance of international organizations became a matter of serious and high level consideration, though it is rather an old concept as human civilization. It was used in French as “governance” in the fourteenth century, meaning ‘royal officers’. Ideas about ‘governance’ now appear in many contexts: as ‘corporate’ governance, ‘global’ governance ‘national’ governance and ‘local’ governance or simply ‘good’ governance refers to the act of governing in a wide sense and also ‘governance’ means the process of decision are implemented (or not implemented). Governance as an analytical perspective is still emerging and there are contending views surrounding the concept.
Defining Governance:
Governance has by now become a familiar term in academic arena and the international donor circles. The familiarity has, among other things, resulted in numerous efforts to define governance in recent years. But these efforts have not resulted in any universal consensus as to the precise meaning of governance. Governance has been viewed from different angles focusing on various dimensions of it. In general, sense governance means exercising political power to manage a nation’s affair. Today governance is seen as a reflection of the role of the state in giving direction to the development, a country and political regime. Only recently McCarney, Halfami and Rodriguez become successful in placing the term ‘Governance’ in a broader context and focusing on its core aspects. According to them, governance has two things, in the first sense; “it means a system of government concentrating on effective and accountable institutions, democratic principles and electoral process, representative and responsible structures to ensure an open and legitimate relationship between the civil society and the state.” (McCarney, et al. 1995)
UNDP made another precise definition of governance. According to UNDP, “Governance is viewed as the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage country affairs at all levels. It comprises mechanisms, processes and institutions, through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences”.
World Bank defines Governance as “the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development,” The World Bank has identified three distinct aspect of governance:
- The form of political regime.
- The process by which authority is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development.
- The capacity of governments to design, formulate and implement policies and discharge functions.
Another widely accepted definition was made by Jon Pierre and Guy Peters. They wrote in this context, “Governance can be a confusing term. It has become an umbrella concept for such a wide variety of phenomena as policy networks (Rhodes, 1997), public management (Hood, 1990), coordination of sectors of the economy (Campbell et al. 1991; Hollingsworth at al., 1994), public-private partnerships (Pierre, 1980), corporate governance (Williamson, 1996), and ‘good governance’ as a reform objective promoted by the World Bank and the IMF (Laftwich, 1994). Furthermore, there is a tendency to confuse governance as an empirical phenomenon with theories about how this phenomenon operates and can be understood”.
Forms of Governance:
Governance can be viewed both in positive and negative terms –
(1) Poor governance.
(2) Good governance.
(1) Poor Governance:
A World Bank booklet cogently summarized the major symptoms of Poor Governance. These are:
- Failure to make a clear separation between what is public and what is private, hence, a tendency to direct public resources for private gain;
- Failure to establish a predictable framework of law and government behavior conducive to development or arbitrariness in the application of rule of laws;
- Executive rules, regulations, licensing requirements and so forth, which impede functioning of markets and encourage rent seeking;
- Priorities, inconsistent with development, resulting in a mis-allocation of resources;
- Excessively narrowly based or non-transparent decision making;
- Excessive costs;
- Poor service to the public and;
- Failure to achieve the aims of policy.
(2) Good Governance:
Good governance means an ideal governing system that is inevitable for political, economic, social and cultural development of a country. It is the ideal orientation of a state that works best to achieve self-reliance, sustainable development and social justice.
Since 1978, due to un-international standardized management, i.e. especially of some countries in Latin America and Africa, the super state, World Bank had then proposed a political term called good governance. In general sense, good governance means an ideal governing system that is inevitable for political, economic, social and cultural development of a country. Ideal governing system means the ideal orientation of a state that works best to achieve self-reliance, sustainable development and social justice and the ideal functioning of government that operate most efficiently. Good governance ensures a better today and a brighter tomorrow for all the citizens. It is the proper management of public officials. Still a precise definition of good governance is awaited.
Good Governance, for the World Bank, includes some or all of the following features:
- An efficient public service;
- An independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts;
- Accountable administration of public funds;
- An independent public auditor, responsible to a representative legislature;
- Respect for the law and human rights at all levels of government;
- A pluralistic institution structure and;
- A free press
Realizing the difficulties of defining good governance, the overwhelming tendency has been to delineate aspects of good governance. The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has highlighted several aspects of good governance. Some of these include:
1.the promotion of democracy and open pluralistic societies;
2.the Strengthening of transparent, accountable, efficient and effective national and local government;
3.the promotion of respect for human right;
4.the reinforcement of rule of law, including fair and accessible legal and judicial systems;
5.the promotion of independent media and the dissemination of information;
6.anti-corruption initiatives; and
7.Efforts to reduce excessive military expenditure.
When we talk about good governance, we in fact refer to the working relation among the three organs of the state and actions of the executive branch of the state. In operational terms, these refer to enjoyment of fundamental human rights; independence of judiciary, abiding by the rule of law, policy based administrative accountability, transparency, accountability, predictability, effectiveness and efficiency of the government. Political, legal and bureaucratic accountability are the three main aspects of basic to good governance.
Elements of Good Governance:
There are many elements of good governance. Opinions differ on the elements of good governance among international organizations, scholars and academicians. However, synthesizing their discussions the core elements of good governance are as follows:
1.The democratic process: Transparency in the election process; parliamentary conduct; parliamentary immunity and privileges; decentralization of authority.
2.Accountability-both political and financial;
3.Reform of public administration: adequate remuneration as a disincentive to corruption; ethical codes of conduct; training and education
4.Civil society: non-governmental organizations, the media and investigative journalism; corporate-private sector; academic community
5.Complaints procedure: whistle-blower status
6.The ombudsman: the appointment process; resources allocated to the ombudsman; accessibility
7.Enforcement of Rule of law and judicial system: independence of the judiciary; removal of judges for cause; adequate remuneration; promotion of judges; independent prosecutors; improved access to justice
8.Privatization: monopolies as a vehicle for corrupt practices; privatization procedures; transparency in government procurement.
9.Participation: Participation of citizens in decision making and implementation;
10.Enforcement mechanisms: independent anti-corruption agencies; prosecutorial powers; civil and criminal penalties.
Characteristics of good governance:
Remy Herrera said that, democratic and impartial institutions, efficient management of resources, transparency in decision-making and accountability are the hallmarks of good governance. Apart from being an instrument of public affairs management, or a gauge of political development, governance has become a useful mechanism to enhance the legitimacy of the public realm.
Much has been written about the characteristics of efficient government, successful businesses and effective civil society organizations, but the characteristics of good governance defined in societal terms remain elusive. The characteristics are:
- Participation – People should have a say in decision-making, either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that affects their life and represent their interests. Such broad participation is built on freedom of association and speech, as well as capacities to participate constructively.
- Rule of law – Legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on human rights. Rule of law is ensured in every sphere. People’s human rights and fundamental freedom are respected, allowing them to live with dignity.
- Transparency – Transparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions and information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and enough information is provided to understand and monitor them.
- Responsiveness – Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders.
- Consensus orientation – Good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best interests of the group and, where possible, on policies and procedures.
- Equity – People are free from discrimination based on race, ethnicity, class, gender or any other attribute. All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. Women are equal partners with men in private and public spheres of life and decision-making.
- Effectiveness and efficiency – Processes and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best use of resources.
- Accountability – Decision-makers in government, the private sector and civil society organizations are accountable to the public, as well as to institutional stakeholders. This accountability differs depending on the organization and whether the decision is internal or external to an organization.
- Strategic vision – Leaders and the public have a broad and long-term perspective on good governance and human development, along with a sense of what is needed for such development. There is also an understanding of the historical, cultural and social complexities in which that perspective is grounded and the needs of future generations are reflected in current policies.
Attributes of Good Governance:
The instrumental nature of governance implies that the four governance “pillars” are universally applicable regardless of the economic orientation, strategic priorities, or policy choices of the government. The four attributes of governance are accountability, transparency, predictability and participation (World Bank: 2000).
| Accountability (Building Government Capacity) | Transparency
(Information Openness) |
Predictability
(Legal Framework) |
Participation
(Participatory Development Process) |
| • Public sector
Management • Public Enterprise Management and Reform • Public financial Management • Civil service reform |
• Disclosure of
Information |
• Law and
Development •Legal frameworks For Private sector Development |
• Participation of beneficiaries and affected groups
• Public sector/ private sector interface • Decentralization of public and service delivery functions • Empowerment of local governments • Cooperation with Non-government organizations |
Governance in Bangladesh
Ever since Bangladesh achieves it independence, it is passing eight broad regimes with the present Sheikh Hasina’s regime, came into power for the second time. Since, 1971 to present, by this thirty nine years, Bangladesh is experiencing eight major regimes having a variety of political system with different styles of governance. It is interesting to note that with the changes in regime, all new governance deliberately opted to bring about modifications, alteration or abolishment of policy, both state and public.
The following table can give us a brief understanding about governance styles and political system of Bangladesh:
| Regimes | Tenure | Nature of
Political System |
Governance Style |
| Sheikh Mujibur Rahman | 1972-75 | Democratic | Democratic, later Presidential Autocracy |
| Ziaur Rahman | 1975-82 | Autocratic/Democratic | Diluting Bureaucratic Power |
| Hussain M. Ershad | 1982-90 | Autocratic | Increasing Democratic Bureaucracy Interaction at Local Level. |
| Khaleda Zia | 1991-96 | Democratic | Bureaucratic at local level and Democratic at National Level. |
| Sheikh Hasina | 1996-2001 | Democratic | Grassroots Democracy at Village Level. |
| Khaleda Zia | 2001-2006 | Democratic | Grassroots Democracy at Village Level. |
| Caretaker Govt./ Interim Caretaker Govt | 2007-2008 | Interim/Autocratic | Diluting Bureaucratic Power |
| Sheikh Hasina | 2008- | Democratic | Grassroots Democracy at Village Level. |
Bangladesh: Attributes of Good Governance:
Scholars present a number of attributes of good governance in the literature. Some popular and widely accepted elements are:
- Political and Executive Accountability
- People’s Participation
- Participation of Civil Society Organizations:
- Predictability
- Transparency
- Promotion of Democracy & Political pluralism
- Rule of Law & Human Rights
- Decentralization
- Women’s participation in development process
These attributes are discussed in below relating to Bangladesh context:
1. Political and Executive Accountability: In Bangladesh, accountability has been largely shaped by the influence of a number of factors. These are: dominant executive, weak legislature, distorted growth and low levels of development of political parties, lack of independence of judiciary, and lack of credibility of the electoral system. Due to continuous absence of opposition in the 6th to till 9th Parliament, the door of political accountability got almost traumatized. The internal and external mechanisms (e.g. A.C.R, The Rules of Business, and Warrant of Precedence) of executive accountability also remain procedurally weak, which reinforces the pervasiveness of corruption for several times in Bangladesh. The credit of Bangladesh’s being first in corruption reflects how weak the institutional mechanism of political and executive accountability in Bangladesh. There are huge evidences available of the ex-Presidents or ex-Ministers being on trail in charge of corruption e.g. Hussain M. Ershad and lots of ministers of last BNP led four parties and present Awami League led grand alliance government. Bangladesh seems to be a safe abode for the warped politicians. Nothing has happened to recently accused one secretary for allegation of corruption raised by U.S state department. During BNP led four party government, another astonishing event was that the Home Minister got suspended from four on- going cases after he had become minister and another minister of power, energy and natural resource ministry was suspended also for corruption. The role of Comptroller & Auditor General to oversight financial accountability in Bangladesh is also replete with numerous institutional pitfalls. Besides, Ombudsman had not yet been established due to lack of political will of each ruling governments after the act was passed in the parliament. The Field Administration is directly or indirectly charged with corruption. Thus, all these weakness altogether turn the accountability system a mere force in Bangladesh leading all-encompassing poor governance.
2. People’s Participation: Participation culture in Bangladesh remains a myth since independence. Although there were some efforts to ensure peoples participation through Gram Sarkar or Upazilla decentralization, but these efforts were impaired in the course of time by the ill political motives. Involvement of people at the grassroots level have been considered as the most effective means through which economic development can meet the aspirations of the people and to ensure good governance that the benefits really percolate down to the lower strata of the society, Bangladesh is facing this problem seriously. There was always a tendency on the part of government to relegate the status of participatory local government by intervening in decision-making and various project works. Thus, truly participation of people in government is always missing in Bangladesh. As a result, creating consensus among the people of Bangladesh about national and international issues has been very rare and also one kind of unattainable task till today.
3. Participation of Civil Society Organizations: Good governance requires vibrant, strong and active civil society organizations- for example, neighborhood associations, trade unions, woman’s organizations and consistency groups. Civil society organizations in Bangladesh have increasingly taken forms of NGOs. They have been active in Bangladesh since independence and grown in size and number in response to new needs and a massive increase in donor funding.
4. Predictability: Predictability status in Bangladesh is highly unsatisfactory; one of its manifestations might be cited to the frequent Amendment Bills passed by the Parliament. Almost in all aspects of government there is no certainty in Bangladesh. Lack of predictability makes it difficult for the public officials to plan for the provision of services. Predictability of government economic actions is also needed as an indicator on which the private sector can rely to make its own production, marketing and investment decisions. Starting from monetary and fiscal policy to prices, exchange rate and employment level everywhere consistency turns to be a far cry, which affects the investment climate directly. Most importantly to be predictable, the application of economic regulations must be effective, fair and uniform. The dependent central bank, executive control over judiciary – all harmfully affect the governance capacity of Bangladesh.
5. Transparency: Access to accurate and timely information about the economy and government policies can be vital for economic decision-making and as well as other issues, which is deplorably missing in Bangladesh. Bureaucrats in Bangladesh are seen to be obsessed with secrets and are unwilling to divulge any information to the public. To some extent, bureaucrats can legitimately plead that they are hemmed in by official restrictions. The Official Secret Act, of 1923 and the Government Servant Conducts Rules (GSCR) of 1979 bind civil servants to an oath of secrecy, even forbidding them to pass official information to other departments of the government. It is accused that, Ministers do not help the administration to bring transparency and they are also involved with violating code of conducts of administration for the sake of their party or own, as a result transparency in politics and administration has become an unattainable subject for Bangladesh. Transparency of government implies its responsiveness to the changing needs of the people and the emerging problems they confront with. Transparency and democracy are complementary to each other. Only through the development of a sound democratic system, it is possible to practise transparency both in politics and government administration.
6. Promotion of Democracy & Political Pluralism: Democratization emphasizes that the people shall elect the governing body and there should not be any restriction in the movement of diversified political parties. Bangladesh returned to the parliamentary democracy by the 12th Amendment of the Constitution in 1991, but by these nineteen years the ideals of democracy could not explore a firm foundation in Bangladesh. Periodic fair election, which is an essential ingredient of democracy, always remains a matter of dispute in Bangladesh. Lack of an independent Election Commission was one of the main reasons to arrange a free, fair and credible election. In 2006, volatile political culture was seen all over Bangladesh due to mistrust between two major political parities of the country. As a result, election of 11th January, 2007 was postponed and military backed caretaker government came to power with declaring emergency and ongoing governance and democratic process was failed.
7. Rule of Law & Human Rights: Perhaps, the most essential element of governance in the context of Bangladesh is rule of law and human rights. Rule of law implies the absence of arbitrariness’ in the governance of a country. Law is considered as supreme and none can claim exemption or immunity from it. Article 32 of the Constitution of Bangladesh guarantees fundamental rights, a person’s rights to life and liberty. But in reality the situation of rule of law in Bangladesh is unquestionable terrible. There can be cited thousands of examples of the deteriorated image of rule of law currently occurring in Bangladesh. The most dangerous thing is even the law enforcing agencies or defense officials get into involved in various forms of crime. Law is being violated with the sponsorship of ruling political party or parties. In October 28, 2006; world had witnessed a black chapter of political history of Bangladesh, political activists of opposition were killed by ‘Loghi-Boita Bahini’ in Dhaka that day and it was a unquestionable terrible really. The donors expressed their utter disappointment for the deterioration of rule of law and for violating human rights. Besides, the foreign investors also showed their unwillingness in investment for the downfall of an effective rule of law in Bangladesh. BNP led last four party alliance government and present Awami league led grand alliance government have introduced some new laws and amended some existing laws. The rule of law is a cardinal phenomenon to good governance, which has been tainted with the increasing number of extra judicial killings by the RAB, police and other law enforcing agencies.
8. Decentralization: Decentralization of decision-making is an important requirement of good governance. For governance to be effective decision making process must be straightforward and fast. But, in Bangladesh due to huge hierarchical chain and bureaucratic red-tapism, decision-making is very sluggish and lengthy process. Besides, the dependency of local government on the central government for various administrative and financial decisions is hindering to conduct good governance in Bangladesh. Though, these local government institutions are not given much more freedom to work effectively. A transparent bureaucracy provides an open and a comprehensive decision making process. This is possible when administrative system is decentralized to the peripheral areas and participation of the people in the decision making process is provided. Local government is the outcome of the concept of decentralization creating scope for the local people to see for themselves what is happening in the government. In Bangladesh, the whole governmental administration has been decentralized by creating 4498 unions, 481 upazilas and 64 districts.
9. Women’s participation in development process: The issue of women in sustainable development is still a larger one because of their role in resource management in the country and also because of their role in grooming new generation of people. Any shortcomings in their knowledge access to information, opportunities and decision –making processes would mean that the whole community suffers in the long run. The present situation with regards to sustainable development is clear indicator of depriving women from equal opportunities in all aspects. With regards to women’s involvement, while some progress has been made, there is currently inadequate research and analysis on women’s participation either in decision making roles related to environment and sustainable development. Preliminary review of national reports submitted for both Beijing +5 and National Plans on Agenda 21 indicates that measurable data on governmental efforts to increase the proportion of women in decision making on sustainable development is quite limited. If women’s participation is ensured in governance process, development activities will be reinforced and good governance will be ensured tremendously.
Challenges and Constraints of Good Governance in Bangladesh:
As a country of third world, Governance in Bangladesh is very poor due to lots of challenges and constraints. Some Challenges and Constraints of Good Governance in Bangladesh are discussed below:
1. Corruption: Corruption is one of the most dominant components of bureaucratic and political culture in Bangladesh. Corruption has been institutionalized in the public service and as well as in private sector. The credit of Bangladesh’s being first in the ranking of most corrupted countries in the world for several times shows the extent and pervasiveness of corruption now rife in the bureaucracy of Bangladesh public service. Almost all forms of corruption can be noticed among bureaucrats and politicians in Bangladesh. These include: abuse of authority, bribery, favoritism, extortion, fraud, patronage, theft, deceit, malfeasance and illegality. Much of the response to corruption is in the form of developing systems and skills, which enable corruption to be discouraged or exposed and punished. The last military backed caretaker government started their voyage against corruption. They had failed to root out it from the society, though they had promised. They filed lots of cases against top politicians of almost all political parties of Bangladesh. Lots of politicians including two ‘Begums’ were also being charged for it.
2. Centralization of Authority: The tendency to concentrate power at the top of the hierarchy in fewer officials is a legacy from the colonial past. In Bangladesh, all policy making power is concentrated at the secretariat. The official work manual, i.e. the Rules of Business gives considerable power to the Secretary. He is the chief advisor to the Minister in Policy making, acts as the financial head of the Ministry and assumes the role of the sole custodian of relevant information on which policies are based. Consequently, secretaries most of whom are generalists, exercise a great deal of power and influence in governmental decision-making.
3. Elitism: Elitism is widely pervasive within the civil service system of Bangladesh. It is reflected in the preference of generalists in recruitment. At the time of recruitment in the civil service all subjects in the examinations are considered to have equal value and consequently no preference is given for relevance. Members of the generalist cadre, i.e. Bangladesh Civil Service (Administration), occupy a relatively privileged position within the civil service in terms of promotion, transfer, posting and training abroad.
4. Politicization: The biggest threat to our democracy as an institution comes from the politicization of governance. The ruling government always tries to get the bureaucratic class as their loyal supporter through serving their interests and providing various facilities and privilege to them. Politicization of governance process is still going on at a great speed. Each and every government declares in their manifest about not to politicize governance process for the betterment of the country, but after coming to the power, they forget all about it, and do whatever the want. This tendency has reached its acme during the regime of Ershad, Khaleda and Also Hasina.
5. Violation of Human Rights: Massive human rights violation Bangladesh has attached global attention. Child abuses, women rights violation, child labor, suppression of freedom of expression are day to day issues of human rights violation. Each and every government takes initiatives to stop terrorism by horrifying ‘cross-fire’. They legitimize it. This is unquestionable way and human rights violation backed by government. The global community also expressed their disappointment about it.
6. Lack of Freedom: Freedom of press, of speech and of writing is violated in many ways. Radios, TV are used as the means of propagating government activities rather than focusing on the needs of the nation. Journalists and writers sometimes fall victim of the terrorists or of the government action. We have seen that, declaration of a 24 hour news based TV channel named ‘CSB NEWS’ was permanently canceled during the last military backed emergency/ caretaker government due to it’s broadcasting of news about 22nd August, 2007. Access to information is another vital factor for achieving the goals of good governance, which promote transparency and public accountability in the working of government functionaries. We have also seen that, freedom of press was abducted through 4th amendment in 1974 by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
7. Weak Legislature: Our legislature is very much weak, because of less experience, low level of education, low level of understanding. The policies only serve the interest of a particular political party. We saw that when the ruling party changes through election, a great change also occur in the legislative branch. The supporter lawyers of the ruling class come to the position. This process was started after independent. In this context we can give the example of the public safety act. This act was passed to meet the interest of the ruling Awami League Party and to humiliate the opposition.
8. Poorly Performing Institutions: Poorly performing government institutions is also another issue in Bangladesh. Performance of Public Sector institutions like Public Service Commission and other public service sector institutions is very poor and these sectors are highly corrupted, ill or poor service and also which often offer little or no service.
9. Volatile political culture: Volatile political culture and politically-sponsored violence in national and international level, especially at local level is another challenge for good governance in Bangladesh. This volatile political culture often may results uncertainty in politics.
10. Lack of people’s participation: Lack of peoples participation in decision making and implementation process directly or indirectly is a great challenge for attaining good governance in Bangladesh.
Concluding comments:
There is a general consensus that the governance is in crisis. A quick glance at the realities within the constitutional arms and the management of economic, administrative and the political affairs further strengthens the statement on crisis in governance. Good governance is not easy to achieve in Bangladesh. This is mainly because a host of social, cultural, economic, administrative and legal variables affect the nature and consequently determine the shape of governance in our country. In Bangladesh, it is evident that the present condition of governance is not satisfactory. Many issues and problems are the barriers to ensure good governance, equity and social justice. Corruption, political interference in administration, nepotism, misuse of power, absence of rule of law, non-accountable and non-transparent government and administration etc. are the common features of our governance. Although a lot of measures may be taken for ensuring good governance, it is high time to make our autocratic parliament a democratic one. And re-engineer the role of the dictatorial Prime Minister to a democratic one. In the interest of good governance, time has come for us to think about amending the black law (Article 70 of the constitution) to curve its abuse and free the public representatives to voice peoples aspiration in the parliament. Public opinion should be mobilized to discourage boycotting of Parliament and make the Parliament fully functional and democratic by making the speaker system a non-partisan institution. It is also necessary to make the ministers accountable to the parliament members while discharging their executive roles to make the parliament truly democratic. Re-engineering is also required to make the MPs the key actors of the parliament instead of the ministers by making the parliamentary standing committees more powerful, effective and functional. To ensure increased accountability and set the culture of resignation due to failure or inefficiency of ministers, legal provisions should be made so that cabinet ministers has to render resignation if no confidence motion is moved by one third members of the parliaments of which one third must be from the ruling party. It is required to make the parliament effective and functional and center of all debates. On the other hand, the opposition, civil society and social groups and organizations also have the moral obligations to help and co-operate the government in establishing good governance. But after eleventh January 2007, discussions are tabled that constitutional amendments are necessary to bring checks and balance of powers between the President, Prime minister and Speaker of the country. To make the parliament democratic, functional, effective measures should be taken to make the speaker panel an institution above partisan standing. In view of above discussion, we may safely say that if we can successfully follow the means of overcoming these challenges and constraints facing good governance and give due attention for their institutionalization, good governance is sure to see the light the day. Though the road towards success is tortuous, but the prospect is bright.
Tags: good governance